The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family violence against children (child abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of child abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more children) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, children under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of children and family violence was also defined as violence applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of violence has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against children and family violence against children. In other results, it was found that violence-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against children and family violence against children. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children.

Securities market is one of the areas in which the people’s properties are hold in trust. In this market, investor’s securities or founds are deposited by a number of financial institutions like brokers. Investors pay money to the brokers to make securities transactions for them. It is illegal for a broker to misuse these funds or securities for their benefit or benefit of others and this act is called “abuse of confidence”. Article 50 of the Securities Market Act of 2005 has criminalized this act. Whereas the legislator has considered some specific circumstances for this crime in Actus Reus and Mens Rea that differ from the general crime of abuse of confidence, we will describe this offense and explain its elements.

Background & Aims: Child Abuse (CA) is a multi-dimensional damage which is emerged and intensified by several elements. CA brings about physical, mental, and social aftermaths for the children and exposes them to several dangers. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between Substance Abuse and CA in Tehran.Materials & Methods: This study was conducted through a survey, and systematic random sampling method was used. The statistical population of this study was Child Abuse in Tehran in 2014-15. The sample population of this study was 273 individuals which were selected using Cochran Sampling Formula among the Child Abuse. The questionnaires were also analyzed after investigating validity and reliability of the questions.Results: The findings of this research showed that girls and boys are abused equally. Moreover, as the age of the children increases, the possibility of being abused increases too. The most common insult was physical and physical-mental abuse. Most of the children have experienced a combination of physical, mental, and sexual abuse and neglect. Also, findings of this study showed that addiction of the parents was the main element of CA (43% of cases); and there was a significant relationship between parental Substance Abuse and CA. Dependency to methamphetamine was the most common addiction compared to other drugs (83%).Conclusion: Considering these results, the necessity of multi-dimensional planning in individual, family, and social levels and in three preventive phases of first, second and third is needed for effective prevention and appropriate intervening on CA.

Witness is one of proofs that when its requirements are gathered proves the subject of action and judge is obliged to render the verdict according to it and its validity is not contingent on certainty of judge. But its depending on not certitude of judge against it, is discussable and the research on this field shows that in religious jurisprudence, the certainty of judge against testimony causes the invalidity of witness and the judge should deny rendering judgment according to it. Our Civil Code has accepted this matter and has explained it in article 1319. Meanwhile, about certainty of judge against testimony, situation in religious jurisprudence and in law is not similar and despite the fact of emphasis on necessity of reversal of judgment in such situation in religious jurisprudence, in law, reversal of judgment in such situation depends on requirements, respites and regulations of complaint against judgments.

Confidence is a degree of cognition that does not reach the limit of philosophical certainty but at the same time is stronger than conjectures. It is very effective and necessary to study the degree and criterion of the authority of confidence because most types of cognitions do not reach the level and amount of knowledge and certainty. Although religious texts prohibit acting on the basis of anything other than knowledge, the fact that, basically, logical knowledge and certainty are, rarely, obtained leads us to the point that knowledge in religious texts has a broader concept than confidence. Likewise, confidence is recognized as valid by the wise and has been confirmed by Sharia as a binding authority; because despite the divine lawgiver has contemplated acting on the basis of confidence, it has not been forbidden. Considering the above said findings, confidence is not of inherent authority but at the same time, it replaces different types of certitude whether certitude on the subject or certitude without considering the duty-bound's knowledge.